“What Do the Frankfurt School Contribute to Our Understanding of Popular Culture?”

The independent institute Frankfurt School was founded by Jewish intellectuals, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer and Herbert Macuse within a Nazi empowered Germany in 1923. After relocating to various parts of America, gaining exposure from Los Angeles and Hollywood lifestyle, the school returned. They took a great concern in the analysis of popular culture and the Culture Industry that had affected Germany in the 1940s. Although these changes reshaped a nation over 70 years ago, Frankfurt School’s interpretation of popular culture still relates to our own understanding today. The question is why, Adorno in particular, criticised this new behaviour in Germany’s society. The Enlightenment was introduced, which expressed individualism instead of tradition but ultimately led the way to modern capitalism and the culture industry. â€Å"Frankfurt School perspective is an obvious variant of Marxism. † (Strinati, 2004) Despite disagreeing with the Enlightenment, Adorno and Frankfurt School agreed on the Marxist theory. According to Dominic Strinati, to understand Frankfurt’s views â€Å"the school can be seen as trying to fill in a part of the picture of capitalism Marx did not deal with. (2004, 48) This provides a reappraisal of popular culture which Marx did not comment on, which we will acknowledge and see how far that it is understood by society today. Interestingly, the school focuses on the culture, not the economy or political aspects of society. However Adorno has also been criticised for his unclear and inaccurate analysis of the to pic, which will also be discussed and questioned upon. To begin, we will establish how Capitalism is the foundations of the development of popular culture. Capitalism is the political and economic system which is controlled by the individual, and not by state. Frankfurt School considered Capitalism as their opposition due to their left-wing beliefs. Though it is noticeable that the Frankfurt School believed Capitalism was more stable than what it really is. Adorno fails to mention that capitalism also has it’s faults and popular culture was not formed on this system alone. Despite this, it certainly aided it effectively. Adorno declares that the working class accept this system unforced is because businesses, advertisers and other consumers make the product that is being retailed more appealing. It doesn’t take much effort from the consumer to submit to these influences and purchase the product. This makes them feel better about themselves because they now own said product and are part of the majority that does. He introduces the term â€Å"commodity fetishism† which â€Å"is the basis†¦ of how cultural forms such as popular music can secure the continuing economic, political and ideological domination of capitalism. † (Strinati, 2004) He shows us that consumers in the capitalist society value money more than appreciating what was purchased. This â€Å"defines and dominates social relations† (Strinati, 2004, 50) The same is true today – many of us would much prefer to spend a colossal amount of money on an well-known brand commodity, say a new car or handbag, than an affordable and sensible priced one. This presents ourselves to others as a much wealthier individual, which essentially makes us feel better about ourselves. Adorno quotes this well â€Å"the real secret of success†¦ is the mere reflection of what one pays in the market for the product. (Strinati, 2004, 49) This superficial attitude expressed most of us can relate to today because we all live in a capitalist society and have experienced this need for a certain commodity. Therefore Frankfurt School has successfully helped us be aware of the root of popular culture. According to the Frankfurt school, â€Å"the culture industry reflects the consolidation of commodity fetishism. † (Strinati, 2004, 54) When the public are satisfied, cap italism will continue to work and therefore other political systems will be unsuccessful. It’s only when a system does not work does the mass culture look for new power. With the simplicity and effectiveness of the Culture Industry, the Working Class will remain content consuming. â€Å"It is so effective in doing this that the working class is no longer likely to pose a threat to the stability and continuity of capitalism. † (Strinati, 2004, 55) The industry successfully moulds and alters the tastes of the masses to suit the industry’s needs. However, the Frankfurt School do not consider that the notion of popular culture has any radical potential at this time. Instead, Adorno found that popular culture was ‘imposed’ on the people, and warned that they should only welcome it insofar as they do not get imposed. (Strinati, 2004, 55) Of course, this working class at the time was not going to take notice of the school’s negative response when they find something so welcoming and appealing. Perhaps Frankfurt did not appreciate how diverse and hybrid popular culture was. One way of looking at this would be to see Adorno’s criticism as a warning to us about the effects of the powerful culture industry, something the masses of 1940s would not understand. We are able to understand and relate to this because we all know from experience of this captivating affect that popular culture has on our lives. The school’s theory discusses that by capitalism and the culture industry working together produces ‘false needs’ for the masses, which means â€Å"people can be reconciled to capitalism, guaranteeing its stability and continuity. † (Strinati, 2004, 52) In the pursuit of profit, the industry will be ruthless to promote consumerism – to make consumers buy things they essentially do not need. These goods are advertised so effectively to the mass culture, they are tricked to believe that they genuinely need it. Think of the example from earlier with the expensive car or handbag. These false needs are created and sustained through advertisements in magazines, television, the media and from other consumers’ opinions. Therefore the consumer purchases the item: increasing the success of the industry and fulfilling the false need. The customer buys what they think they need, however remain unsatisfied and wants more. Strinati puts it very well: The customer is not king, as the culture industry would have us to believe, but its object. † This is a disturbing truth that needs to be dealt with, but it appears that nobody is bothered by it, so why should it be changed? The school successfully makes it clear to us how this lifestyle is influencing us so powerfully. We are aware of this feeling of ‘false needs‘ from time to time, yet we share the same attitud e as the society in the 20th century and continue in bad habit. In particular, the school criticises the culture industry’s popular music, accusing it of two processes: standardisation and pseudo-individualisation. The customer is being fooled through the use of standardisation â€Å"popular songs are becoming more alike† (Strinati, 2004, 58) Traditional music at such as Beethoven or Mozart requires an attentive listen and expression of the imagination to hear every detail that has been put into the musical piece. Meanwhile, popular music, as described by Storey: â€Å"operates in a kind of blurred dialectic: to consume it demands inattention and distraction† (2009) which means that it requires little attention – which suits perfectly for customers with busy lives, who after a stressful day prefer to listen to something which requires less concentration. Popular music is ideal here and â€Å"satisfies the craving. † The pseudo-individualisation element of the song disguises it making it appear more unique and distinctive, often by adding a catchy chorus or beat. Frankfurt School makes us aware of this process, which still is regular in many pop songs today. Adorno compares the characteristics of both music styles and criticises the simplicity of the one dimension popular music. Here it is felt that he must be condemned for criticising with a lack of evidence or experience to prove his theory. This makes it extremely difficult for us to relate to the school because they fail to relate with us. On the other hand, it could be argued that he was writing in 1941, a time were popular music would be very different to listen to. The music industry has changed drastically in the past 70 years and the sound of ‘pop’ has been reshaped too. It has to be acknowledged that despite Adorno’s criticisms of the culture industry’s popular music, it indisputably proves to us that if we reflect on the music we listen to today we will see evidence of standardisation and pseudo-individualisation used. To conclude, it must be asked why the mass culture both then and now continues to gives into the power of capitalism and the culture industry. Adorno’s idea is â€Å"that most capitalist societies live limited, impoverished and unhappy lives† (Strinati, 2004, 61) and the reason for this is the submission from the power of commodity fetishism, escape from the real world and tragically, laziness. Strinati presses that â€Å"popular culture does not necessarily hide reality from people† but that it’s realised how difficult it is to change the world from this mindset so it becomes a matter of acceptance. It is surely â€Å"killing the desire that might let us imagine a better world. † (Storey, 2009) The Frankfurt brings to us an interesting outlook of how we could change our lives and prevent the power of capitalism and the culture industry from absolute control. Bibliography Strinati, Dominic (2004) An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture London: Routedge Storey, John (2009) Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction Harlow, England

Reader Responses

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Literature Survey On Steganography

Literature Survey On Steganography In this chapter, the literature survey on the steganography and various network security mechanisms are described. Many existing algorithms for steganography since 1991 to 2009 are studied and presented in this literature survey. Numbers of web sites as well as research papers are referred on virtualization, ARP Spoofing, IDS Architectures. The description of the research papers referred pertaining to steganography and network security are given in the subsequent sections. The literature is presented in chronological order for these two areas separately. 2.2 Literature survey on steganography Bender et al. [6] in this paper, the authors describe the techniques of data hiding like low bit rate data hiding in detail. Johnson, N. and Jajodia S. [34] This article explores the different methods of steganography such as LSB, Masking and Filtering and also explains about different software tools present in the market for Steganography, such as Stego Dos, White Noise Storm, S-tool etc. Marvel et al. [38] It is proposed that (Spread Spectrum Image Steganography) SSIS is a blind scheme where the original image is not needed to extract the hidden information unless the receiver possesses the secret key to extract the secret message, otherwise it is virtually undetectable.Thus making this technique reliable and secure. Jessica Fridrich et al.[32] This paper proposes a highly accurate steganalysis technique which can even estimate the length of secret message embedded in LSB method. In this method, the test image is divided into groups of n consecutive or disjoint pixels. This method exploits the modified pixel values to determine the content of secret message. A discriminating function is applied on the group of pixels. This discriminating function determines the regularity or smoothness of pixels. Then a permutation function called flipping is applied on the pixel groups. By using discriminating function and flipping, Pixels groups are classified in to three categories, i.e Regular groups, Singular groups and Unused Groups. For a given mask, fraction of Regular groups Rm and fraction of singular groups Sm are calculated. Presence of noise in the image causes Rm to be greater than Sm. R. Chandramouli and N. Memon[49] It gives the analysis of various methods of LSB techniques for image steganography. Tseng, Y.C et al. [63] This paper presents a secure steganographic scheme which makes sure that if any modified bit in the cover image should be adjacent to another bit that has the same value as the formers new value. By this way the detection becomes extremely difficult. But for achieving this, data hiding space has to be reduced. Da-Chun Wu, and Wen-Hsiang Tsai [23] proposed a differencing steganographic method that uses the difference between two consecutive pixels in the same block to determine the number of secret bits to be stuffed. In this method a range table is used which ranges from 0-255. The difference value is subsequently adjusted to the difference in the same range to embed the secret bits, and the difference between the original difference value and the new one is shared between the two pixels. Extraction scheme in this method is quite simple and it do not requires cover image. Sorina Dumitrescu et al.[55] This paper proposes a new steganalysis technique to detect LSB steganography in digital signals such as image and audio. This technique is based on statistical analysis of sample pairs. By this technique the length of hidden message embedded via LSB steganography can be estimated with high precision. C.-C.Chang and H.-W. Tseng [9] this paper proposes a novel steganographic technique, which modifies the pixel values. This method does not replace the LSBs of pixel value directly, but changes the pixel value into another similar value. In a word, this steganographic method provides a large embedding capacity with little perceptual distortion. Mei-Yi Wu et al. [40] this paper presents a new iterative method of image steganography based on palette which reduces the Root Mean Square error between an original image and its corresponding stego-image. Based on a palette modification scheme, which can embed one message bit into each pixel in a palette-based image iteratively. The cost of removing an entry color in a palette and the profit of generating a new color to replace the old color are calculated. If the maximal profit exceeds the minimal cost, an entry color is replaced in iteration. C.-K. Chan and L.M. Cheng [11] this paper proposes LSB technique in which the secrete data is embedded in the Least Significant bits of the image pixel. Huaiqing wang and Shuozhong wang [29] Different techniques of steganography and steganalytic methods were discussed in detail in this paper. This paper focuses on LSB modification techniques, Masking techniques, Transformation domain techniques, Techniques incorporated in compression algorithms, and spread spectrum techniques. Then the important attributes of a steganographic system are presented, security, payload and robustness. This paper also presents various steganalytic methods such as, RS steganalysis, Chi-square test, Histogram analysis and universal blind detection. Xinpeng Zhang and Shuozhong Wang [65] this paper proposes the steganalysis of PVD method proposed by Wu and Tsai. This steganalysis is based on Histogram analysis. The zigzag scan of the image pixels produces a vector called Image Vector and the difference of every pair of pixels in this vector produces another vector called Substitute vector. An image from Substitute vector is built which is named as substitute image. Histogram of substitute image is constructed and analyzed. Andrew D. Ker [4] Detecting LSB matching steganography is quiet difficult compared to the LSB replacement steganography. In this paper Histogram characteristic function (HCF) is used for the detection of steganography in color images, but it cannot be used for gray scale images. Alvaro Martà ­n et al. [3] Authors have experimentally investigated three different steganographic algorithms. steg, MHPDM, and one of the algorithm used in S-tools. Jsteg embeds a message in the least significant bit of JPEG DCT coefficients. The MHPDM (Modified Histogram preserving Data Mapping) algorithm, which is developed from HPDM (Histogram Preserving Data Mapping), works by altering the least significant bit of a subset of the JPEG DCT coefficients of an image. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [15] this paper proposes two efficient steganographic methods for gray-level images by utilizing the run-length concept. The two methods embed bits of the secret data in each two-pixel block. In addition, the modular operation is applied in both methods to control image quality. The experimental results demonstrate that both methods in this study perform better than all previous methods, in terms of image quality and embedding capacity. Chin-Chen Chang and Tzu-Chuen Lu [13] the method proposed in this paper exploit the difference in the expansion of the pixels to conceal large amount of message data in a digital image. The payload capacity of the proposed scheme is higher than Tians scheme and Fridrichs scheme.In addition, the quality of the embedded image of the proposed scheme is even higher than those of the other schemes. Chin-Chen Chang and Tzu-Chuen Lu [14] SMVQ (Side Match Vector Quantization) exploits the correlations between the neighbouring blocks to predict the index of an input block that improves not only the block effect of VQ, but also the compression performance of VQ. Owing to the good compression performance and image quality, more concerns are given to SMVQ. Suk-Ling Li et al. [56] In this scheme, the best match cover-image block of the secret-image block is first selected based on the block difference. Then, the error-matrix, the normalized error- matrix, the difference-degree and the quantized-error matrix between the cover-image block and the secret-image block are computed. The block header information is embedded into the cover-image by the simple LSB substitution method. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [17] this new scheme classifies the host image pixels into two groups of pixels according to the pixel values. For each group of pixels, the corresponding secret pixel values go through an optimal substitution process and are transformed into other pixel values by following the dynamic programming strategy. Then, embed the transformed pixel values in the host pixels by using the modulus functions and obtain the stego-image. Hideki Noda et al. [27] The JPEG compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is still the most common compression standard for still images. QIM(Quantization Index Modulation) is applied in DCT(Discrete Cosine Transformation) Domain. DCT based steganographic techniques are immune to Histogram based attacks. Two different quantizers are used with QIM, one for embedding 0 and another for embedding 1. Another method called HM-JPEG(Histogram Matching JPEG) Steganographic method is also presented along with QIM-JPEG Steganography. In these two methods embedding of secret message takes place during quantization of DCT coefficients only, not by modifying quantized DCT coefficients. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [12] it presents a reversible data hiding scheme for compressed digital images based on side match vector quantization (SMVQ). In Vector Quantization or SideMatch Vector quantization based methods VQ and SMVQ Compression codes are damaged by the secret data embedded in the message. And they cannot be constructed completely after extracting the secret data. By using this method, the original Side Match Vector Quantization compression Codes can be completely reconstructed, after extracting the embedded secret data. Ran-Zan Wang and Yeh-Shun Chen [51] this paper presents a new steganography method for images which use a two-way block-matching procedure to find for the maximum similarity block for each block of the image. The indexes which get along with some non matched blocks are noted in the least significant bits of the carrier image, using a hop scheme. This algorithm provides a high data payload capacity. C.-C.Chang and W.-C. Wu [8] this paper provides a technique to improve the embedding capacity without reducing the quality of cover file. That technique is called an adaptive VQ-based data hiding scheme based on a codeword clustering technique. Adaptive embedding method is superior to the fixed embedding method in terms of embedding capacity and stego-image quality. Xinpeng Zhang and Shuozhong Wang [64] a novel method of steganographic embedding in digital images is illustrated in this paper. In this method each secret digit in a (2n+1)-ary notational system is carried by n cover pixels, where n is a system parameter. This method offers a high embedding efficiency than that of previous other techniques. Mehdi Kharrazi et al. [39] this paper gives the experimental evaluation of various steganographic and steganalytic techniques. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [18] in this paper, a new watermarking based image authentication scheme is implemented. The feature extraction process of the proposed scheme is block-based, and the feature of a block is obtained by performing a cryptographic hash function. Then, the bit stream of the feature is folded and embedded into some least significant bits of the central pixel in the corresponding block. Po-Yueh Chen and Hung-Ju Lin [48] this paper proposes a new image steganographic method based on frequency domain embedding. The frequency domain transform applied in this method is Haar-DWT. There are three regions i.e., low frequency region, middle frequency region and high frequency region. And embedding occurs in Middle frequencies. Tse-Hua Lan and Ahmed H. Tewfik [61] the authors have proposed an algorithm which is based on the quantized projection embedding method. Quantized Projection (QP), combines elements from quantization that is QIM and spread-spectrum methods. It is based on quantizing a host signal diversity projection, encouraged in the statistic used for detection in spread-spectrum algorithms. Yuan-Hui Yu a et al. [67] in this method, a color or a grayscale secret image is hided in a true color host image. Procedures to different secret image types are independent. There are three image-hiding types, which depend on the type of secret image. The second type is a palette- based 256-color secret image. The third type is a grayscale secret image. Ran-ZanWang, and Yao-De Tsai [52] This paper presents an efficient image-hiding method that provides a high data hiding capacity that allows the embedded image to be larger than the cover image. In this method the image to be hidden is divided into a series of non-overlapping blocks. A block matching procedure is adapted for each block of the image to search for the best matching block from a pool of candidate blocks. This selection of best matching block is done by K-means clustering method. Then the indices of secret image are hidden in the LSBs of best matching block in the cover image. Bibhas Chandra Dhara and Bhabatosh Chand [7] Block truncation coding and vector quantization are the two widely used spatial domain compression techniques. In the proposed method the inter-plane redundancy is reduced by converting RGB to a less correlated triplet. The spatial redundancy is reduced by block quantization using BTC-PF method and the code redundancy by entropy coding using Huffman code. Nan-I Wu and Min-Shiang Hwang [41] this paper presents a survey of current methods of steganography in Gray scale images. The following methods are compared and analyzed in this paper. 1. The simple LSB method : Secret data is hidden in the Least Significant Bits of the Cover image. Quality of 3-bit LSB stego image is merely acceptable. 2. The optimal LSB methods: To improve the quality of stego image optimal procedure is adapted in LSB embedding. When data is hidden the nearest value is hidden in the cover image so that cover image distortion is minimized. 3. PVD method (Pixel Value Differencing): In this method the image is divided into non-overlapping blocks of two pixels in zig-zag manner. The amount of secret data to be embedded is determined by the difference in pixel values of two adjacent pixels. More amount of data can be hidden when the difference of pixel value is high, and less amount of data is hidden when the difference is low. In this method the cover image is not required for extraction of the secret message. 4. MBNS method (Multiple Based Notation System method): This method is based on Human vision sensitivity(HVS). The amount of secret data that can be hidden in a pixel is determined by a parameter called local variation. Local variation depends on Human Vision Sensitivity, and it is determined by three surrounding pixel values. Greater the value of Local variation, more amount of data can be hidden in that pixel. And less amount of data can be hidden in pixel if local variation value is small. When these methods are compared for low capacity hiding PVD and MBNS approaches produce better stego images than LSB based methods. Zhe-ming-lu et al. [68] this paper proposes an image retrieval scheme based in BTC based Histograms. BTC (Block Truncation Coding) is simple and easy to implement image compression technique. To reduce the bit rate of each part of BTC coded triple data, Vector Quantization is applied. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [19] this paper proposes a reversible data-hiding scheme for embedding secret data in VQ-compressed codes based on the de-clustering strategy and the similar property of adjacent areas in a natural image. This method has more flexibility and higher embedding capacity than other schemes. H. Motameni et al. [25] the authors have proposed a novel technique for hiding text message in a grayscale image. In this method different colors in the cover image are labeled in order to identify dark regions in the image. Data embedding in the these darker regions results in high quality stego images. This method offers more security than other LSB techniques. Zhensong Liao et al. [69] this paper summarizes the present techniques of data hiding capacity techniques. Various Communication channel models and host data models are discussed in this paper. H. Arafat Ali [24] the author, proposes a spatial domain steganographic scheme for JPEG images. This technique is based on statistical analysis and called IVSP (Improving Visual Statistical Properties) Method. This proposed method enhances the statistical properties of the stego image and also reduces the quantization error, which creeps in with JPEG format. And this method is also more secure when compared to the other techniques which are in use presently. Youngran et al. [66] this paper proposes a new method which is able to provide high quality stego image. According to pixels characteristics, number of bits can be embedded in stego image is varying and also providing the integrity of original data. Andrew D. Ker [5] Batch steganography problem deals with spreading payload in multiple covers. Author has proved that the secure steganographic capacity is proportional to the square root of the total cover size. Hong -juan zhang and Hong-jun tang [28], Proposed a novel method of image Steganography which can withstand for statistical analysis tests like RS and Chi-Square steganalysis techniques. Kazuya Sasazaki et al. [35] this paper proposes scheme for hiding data that loss lessly stuffs a data bits into a carrier image using the two differences. In this scheme, a three-pixel block in an image contains two absolute differences-the difference between pixels one and two, and the difference between pixels two and three. Such a difference is called block difference. Chung-Ming Wang et al. [21] this work is an improvement over Wu and Tsai scheme of pixel value differencing (2003). In this method the image is divided in to the blocks of two consecutive pixels and the number of bits that can be embedded is determined from the width of the range table. The reminder of sum of two pixel values with width of suitable range is calculated and modulus of pixel values is adjusted to the decimal value of binary string to be embedded in the block of two consecutive pixels. This method also addresses the falling-off boundary problem and produces high quality stego images than any other technique of spatial domain steganography. But the hiding capacity is low in this method when compared to other methods. Chien-Ping Chang et al. [20] Authors have proposed a novel data hiding scheme that embeds a message into a cover image. This method uses Tri way pixel value differencing method. In this method blocks of four pixels are considered at a time. This four pixel block is divided into three pairs. And the PVD method is applied separately to these three pairs. From the modified pairs on pair is chosen as a reference pair and other two are adjusted. By this method the hiding capacity enormously increases over Pixel Value Differencing Method. But the quality of stego image when expressed in terms of PSNR value decreases. Adem Orsdemir et al. [1] this method is based on the Higher Order Statistics Steganalysis. Generally any steganographer focuses more on undetectability and payload but not about the statistical difference between the stego image and cover image. When the steganographer is well aware of the steganalysis methods HOS steganalyzer and by formulating statistical in distinguish ability requirement, visual quality requirement, and detect ability requirement the method of steganography can withstand the steganalysis methods based on statistical differences. Chin-Chen Chang et al. [16] It is proposed in this method that digital images can be compressed using Block Truncation Coding (BTC). BTC is the most efficient spatial domain method with simple computations and acceptable compression rates. Zhiyuan Zhang et al. [71] generally in two-description image coding the image are partitioned into two parts and each description is produced by alternatively concatenating a finely coded bit stream of the other part. Multi Description Coding is a reliable method for robust transmission over unreliable networks. H.B.Kekre et al. [26] This paper proposes a new improved version of Least Significant Bit (LSB) method. Before embedding the data a 8 bit secret key used and XORed with all the bytes of the message to be embedded. Message is recovered by XOR operation, by the same key. Depending on the MSBs the number of bits of LSB utilized for data embedding are calculated. This method is simple to implement and offers high payload than other methods like PVD. Sathiamoorthy Manoharam [54] analyzes the steganalysis of LSB technique using the RS Steganalysis technique. The two classes of images- natural photographic images and synthetic images are taken as the cover medium. Ahmad T. Al-Taani and Abdullah M. AL-Issa [2] the proposed method provides good quality and high embedding capacity of stego image. Here the carrier image is divided into blocks of equal sizes and then stuffs the original data bits in the edge of the block depending on the number of ones in left four bits of the pixel. Experimental results of this method are compared with Pixel Value Differencing method and Gray Level Modification Method. P. Mouli and M. Mihcak [45] described the data hiding capacities of various image sources. Hong -juan zhang and Hong-jun tang [28] Proposed a novel method of image Steganography which can withstand for statistical analysis tests like RS and Chi-Square steganalysis techniques. 2.3 Literature survey on Network Security John McHugh et al. [33] this paper describes the role of an IDS in an enterprise and also gives survey on mostly used intrusion detection techniques. This paper also describes the various representative systems from the commercial, public, and research areas. Ray Spencer et al. [53] this paper, proposed a Flask micro kernel based operating system, security architecture which provides the solutions for the access rights sort of problems and it is suitable for many operating environments. Clive Grace [22] it gives a detailed understanding of various types of attacks possible and also various types of intrusion detection systems and soft wares. Nong Ye et al. [42] this work paper gives an investigation on a multivariate quality control technique. This method is finds a long-term profile of normal activities in the profiles in order to detect intrusions. Tal Garfinkel and Mendel Rosenblum [59] it proposes the Intrusion detection architecture and also the results are demonstrated to detect the attacks using the IDS which are completely isolated from the monitored host. Tal Garfinkel et al. [58] This architecture provides a tamper resistant trusted hardware platform where each and every application will be running on either the open platform that is general purpose platform or the closed platform that is general purpose platform with security and integrity properties. P. Englund et al. [43] this paper describes the trusted platform which provides a strict control over the software and hardware platforms to withstand the various vulnerabilities. Suresh N.Chari and Pau-Chen Cheng [57] Blue box, the host based IDS, is designed based on the system call introspection. They designed some set of fine grained rules for access control to the system resources. M. Rosenblum and T. Garfinkel.[37] It describes the virtual machine monitor and also how the VMM is useful to provide security. It also looks after the various implementation issues and future directions for the VMM. James E. Smith and Ravi Nair [30] in this paper various levels of abstractions of virtualization and also the architecture of virtual machines are described. Process and system virtual machines are also described over here. Peyman Kabiri and Ali A. Ghorbani [47] it gives a review on current trends and technologies implemented by re- searchers and also elucidated the applications of honey pots to detect attacks. Petar Cisar and Sanja Maravic Cisar [46] this paper describes a flow based algorithm combined with data mining techniques for intrusion detection. Jenni Susan Reuben [31] this paper gives a literature survey on various security issues as well as threats which are common for all virtualization technologies. Zhenwei Yu et al. [60] this paper gives an experimental result for an automatically tuning intrusion detection system which controls the number of alarms output to the system operator and according to the feedback mechanism provided by the system operator, tunes the detection model when false alarms are identified. The Flask architecture of security enhanced Linux for red hat is described in detail in this website [81]. 2.4 CONCLUSION This literature described the various methods and algorithms existing for the steganography and network security. Based on the existing algorithms, the conclusions are proposed to provide the efficient methods for the below 1. Data Security 2. Network Security 2.4.1 Data Security For providing the data security, there are many cryptography and as well as steganography methods existing for the data to be transmitted on the channel. But for any algorithm, it is has its own disadvantages. In the case of Steganography, the basic algorithm is LSB algorithm and some variations on the spatial domain techniques. But at any point of instance, algorithm is public. Once the algorithm is known, attacker will be trying to get the secure data. In this thesis two algorithms are proposed to provide the data security, which were not presented so far, which are as follows: Highly Secured, High Payload and Randomized Image Steganographic Algorithm using Robust Key: In this proposed method, the algorithm used for steganography process is either the PVDM or LSB algorithms depending on the inter pixel difference value in order to increase the data stuffing capacity with out disturbing the quality of the stego image. The position of pixels where to stuff bits will be decided by the stego key which is randomly selected by the user and this key is transmitted to the other party in encrypted form. So the key is robust. Highly Secured, High Quality, High Payload and Randomized Image Steganographic Algorithm using Robust key based on Tri way PVDM Method : In this proposed method, the algorithm used for steganography process is the Tri way PVD with Modulus which is an extension of Tri way PVD [20] in order to increase the stego image quality. The position of pixels where to stuff bits will be decided by the stego key which is randomly selected by the user and transmitted to the other party in encrypted form. So the key is robust. 2.4.2 Network Security For Providing the Network Security, There are many software and hardware devices available like firewalls, IDS etc.,. Generally an intrusion is detected by the IDS, immediately that can be patched by using the available techniques, meanwhile the applications are to be stopped temporarily, where as the proposed trusted architecture for providing network security will provide a self healing intrusion detection system without disturbing the actual state of the system, and trust can be taken back to the system by using the virtualization concepts.

Critical Thinking And Reflective Thinking

Critical Thinking And Reflective Thinking Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness. It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question-at-issue; assumptions; concepts; empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions; implications and consequences; objections from alternative viewpoints; and frame of reference. Critical thinking   in being responsive to variable subject matter, issues, and purposes   is incorporated in a family of interwoven modes of thinking, among them: scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking, moral thinking, and philosophical thinking. Critical thinking can be seen as having two components: 1) a set of information and belief generating and processing skills, and 2) the habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behaviour. It is thus to be contrasted with: 1) the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated; 2) the mere possession of a set of skills, because it involves the continual use of them; and 3) the mere use of those skills (as an exercise) without acceptance of their results. Critical thinking varies according to the motivation underlying it. When grounded in selfish motives, it is often manifested in the skilful manipulation of ideas in service of ones own, or ones groups, vested interest. As such it is typically intellectually flawed, however pragmatically successful it might be. When grounded in fair-mindedness and intellectual integrity, it is typically of a higher order intellectually, though subject to the charge of idealism by those habituated to its selfish use. Critical thinking of any kind is never universal in any individual; everyone is subject to episodes of undisciplined or irrational thought. Its quality is therefore typically a matter of degree and dependent on , among other things, the quality and depth of experience in a given domain of thinking or with respect to a particular class of questions. No one is a critical thinker through-and-through, but only to such-and-such a degree, with such-and-such insights and blind spots, subject to such-and-such tendencies towards self-delusion. For this reason, the development of critical thinking skills and dispositions is a life-long endeavour. Another Brief Conceptualization of Critical Thinking Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way.   People who think critically consistently attempt to live rationally, reasonably, empathically.  Ã‚   They are keenly aware of the inherently flawed nature of human thinking when left unchecked.   They strive to diminish the power of their egocentric and sociocentric tendencies.   They use the intellectual tools that critical thinking offers concepts and principles that enable them to analyze, assess, and improve thinking.   They work diligently to develop the intellectual virtues of intellectual integrity, intellectual humility, intellectual civility, intellectual empathy, intellectual sense of justice and confidence in reason.   They realize that no matter how skilled they are as thinkers, they can always improve their reasoning abilities and they will at times fall prey to mistakes in reasoning, human irrationality, prejudices, bi ases, distortions, uncritically accepted social rules and taboos, self-interest, and vested interest.   They strive to improve the world in whatever ways they can and contribute to a more rational, civilized society.  Ã‚   At the same time, they recognize the complexities often inherent in doing so.   They avoid thinking simplistically about complicated issues and strive to appropriately consider the rights and needs of relevant others.   They recognize the complexities in developing as thinkers, and commit themselves to life-long practice toward self-improvement.   They embody the Socratic principle:   The unexamined life is not worth living, because they realize that many unexamined lives together result in an uncritical, unjust, dangerous world. ~ Linda Elder, September, 2007 Why Critical Thinking? The Problem Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down-right prejudiced. Yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our thought. Shoddy thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must be systematically cultivated. A Definition Critical thinking is that mode of thinking about any subject, content, or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skilfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them. The Result A well cultivated critical thinker: raises vital questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely; gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards; thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences; and communicates effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems. Critical thinking is, in short, self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcome our native egocentrism and sociocentrism.   (Taken from Richard Paul and Linda Elder, The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools, Foundation for Critical Thinking Press, 2008). Available from : www.criticalthinking.org/aboutct/define_critical_thinking.cfm Both Critical Thinking and Reflective Thinking Critical thinking and reflective thinking are often used synonymously.   Critical thinking is used to describe: the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcomethinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihoods, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Critical thinking is sometimes called directed thinking because it focuses on a desired outcome. Halpern (1996). Reflective thinking, on the other hand, is a part of the critical thinking process referring specifically to the processes of analyzing and making judgments about what has happened. Dewey (1933) suggests that reflective thinking is an active, persistent, and careful consideration of a belief or supposed form of knowledge, of the grounds that support that knowledge, and the further conclusions to which that knowledge leads. Learners are aware of and control their learning by actively participating in reflective thinking assessing what they know, what they need to know, and how they bridge that gap during learning situations. In summary, critical thinking involves a wide range of thinking skills leading toward desirable outcomes and reflective thinking focuses on the process of making judgments about what has happened. However, reflective thinking is most important in prompting learning during complex problem-solving situations because it provides students with an opportunity to step back and think about how they actually solve problems and how a particular set of problem solving strategies is appropriated for achieving their goal. Characteristics of environments and activities that prompt and support reflective thinking: Provide enough wait-time for students to reflect when responding to inquiries. Provide emotionally supportive environments in the classroom encouraging re-evaluation of conclusions. Prompt reviews of the learning situation, what is known, what is not yet known, and what has been learned. Provide authentic tasks involving ill-structured data to encourage reflective thinking during learning activities. Prompt students reflection by asking questions that seek reasons and evidence. Provide some explanations to guide students thought processes during explorations. Provide a less-structured learning environment that prompts students to explore what they think is important. Provide social-learning environments such as those inherent in peer-group works and small group activities to allow students to see other points of view. Provide reflective journal to write down students positions, give reasons to support what they think, show awareness of opposing positions and the weaknesses of their own positions. Reflective Thinking Reflective thinking involves personal consideration of ones own learning. It considers personal achievements and failures and asks what worked, what didnt, and what needs improvement (Given, 2002). It asks the learner to think about her own thinking. Reflection is the key that opens the door to understanding ourselves in relation to core ethical values (Beland, 2003, p.15). Similarly, Lickona states that moral reflection is necessary to develop the cognitive side of character -the important part of our moral selves that enables us to make moral judgments about our own behaviour and that of others (Lickona, 1991, p.229).   This type of reflection enables learners to gain self-knowledge, to demonstrate their understanding of worthwhile moral values, take on the perspective of others, to reflect on why some actions are morally better than others, and to consider alternatives and consequences of actions. Whether reflection is verbal, written, or drawn it is a key strategy for learning and a major tool for character education.   Brain research suggests that brief periods of downtime aid in association, consolidate learning, and imprint memory (Jenson, 1998 as cited in Beland, 2003, p.38).   Reflection can be done through journal writing, keeping a daily diary, essay writing, drawing, and talking in pairs. Reflection can follow a peer discussion. Reflection can be in response to a journal prompt about a character in literature. Reflection on compelling literature and narratives help us bridge the struggle to gain an understanding of the ideas and reasoning of others. Reflection aids the learner in making connections between the moral and social issues in the story, the struggle of the stories characters, and their own struggles to lead a moral life. Reflection can occur in response to academic work and as a follow-up to a cooperative activity when students are asked to reflect upon how well their group did or did not work together. It can be used to review the day, as a follow-up for class meetings, as part of goal setting, and as part of a service learning activity. Students can reflect upon an authentic issue faced by students and the school community such as the impact of cliques, academic honesty or improving sportsmanship.   Reflection can be used in a number of ways that ask students to think about and respond to the learning. Teachers can model reflection by sharing their own learning regarding a moral issue.   This shows students that character development is a life-long journey and that, in this pursuit, it is the effort and the striving toward an ethical life that is important. (Beland, 2003, p.16)

Manic Depressive Treatments Essay -- Psychology Lithium Medical Essays

Manic Depressive Treatments Introduction Lithium was discovered in 1949 by John Cade as a treatment for bipolar disorder. Since then, lithium has become a highly utilized medication for manic depression. Chemistry of Lithium and Route of Access Name: Lithium Group number: 1 Symbol: Li Group name: Alkali metal Atomic weight: [6.941 (2)] g m r Period number: 2 CAS Registry ID: 7439-93-2 Block: s-block Standard state: solid at 293 K Color: silvery white/gray Classification: Metallic Lithium is a Group 1 (IA) element containing just a single valence electron (1s22s1). Group 1 elements are called "alkali metals". Lithium is a solid only about half as dense as water. A freshly cut chunk of lithium is silvery, but tarnishes in a minute or so in air to give a gray surface. Lithium is mixed (alloyed) with aluminum and magnesium for lightweight alloys, and is also used in batteries, some greases, some glasses, and in medicine. Lithium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is so readily available commercially. All syntheses require an electrolytic step as it is so difficult to add an electron to the poorly electronegative lithium ion Li+. The ore spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2, is the most important commercial ore containing lithium. The a form is first converted into the softer b form by heating to around 1100Â °C. This is mixed carefully with hot sulphuric acid and extracted into water to form lithium sulphate, Li2SO4, solution. The sulphate is washed with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, to form a precipitate of the relatively insoluble lithium carbonate, Li2CO3. Li2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + Li2CO3 (solid) Reaction of lithium carbonate wi... ...y, Robert L. (Eds.) (2004). Psychology Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press. Kalat, James W. (2004). Biological Psychology. Canada: Wadsworth. Knable, Michael B. and Torrey E. Fuller. (2002). Surviving Manic Depression. New York: Basic Books. Leavitt, Fred. (1995). Drugs and Behavior. California: Sage Publications. Lithium's Effects on Bipolar Disease. Retrieved: March 5, 2005. From: http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_422.h tml Opresko, Dennis M. (May 1995). Toxicity Summary for Lithium. Retrieved: March 3, 2005. From: http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/lith.shtml. Winter, Mark (1993-2003). Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table: Professional Edition: Lithium: Key Information. Retrieved: February 28, 2005. From: http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Li/key.html. Manic Depressive Treatments Essay -- Psychology Lithium Medical Essays Manic Depressive Treatments Introduction Lithium was discovered in 1949 by John Cade as a treatment for bipolar disorder. Since then, lithium has become a highly utilized medication for manic depression. Chemistry of Lithium and Route of Access Name: Lithium Group number: 1 Symbol: Li Group name: Alkali metal Atomic weight: [6.941 (2)] g m r Period number: 2 CAS Registry ID: 7439-93-2 Block: s-block Standard state: solid at 293 K Color: silvery white/gray Classification: Metallic Lithium is a Group 1 (IA) element containing just a single valence electron (1s22s1). Group 1 elements are called "alkali metals". Lithium is a solid only about half as dense as water. A freshly cut chunk of lithium is silvery, but tarnishes in a minute or so in air to give a gray surface. Lithium is mixed (alloyed) with aluminum and magnesium for lightweight alloys, and is also used in batteries, some greases, some glasses, and in medicine. Lithium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is so readily available commercially. All syntheses require an electrolytic step as it is so difficult to add an electron to the poorly electronegative lithium ion Li+. The ore spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2, is the most important commercial ore containing lithium. The a form is first converted into the softer b form by heating to around 1100Â °C. This is mixed carefully with hot sulphuric acid and extracted into water to form lithium sulphate, Li2SO4, solution. The sulphate is washed with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, to form a precipitate of the relatively insoluble lithium carbonate, Li2CO3. Li2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + Li2CO3 (solid) Reaction of lithium carbonate wi... ...y, Robert L. (Eds.) (2004). Psychology Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press. Kalat, James W. (2004). Biological Psychology. Canada: Wadsworth. Knable, Michael B. and Torrey E. Fuller. (2002). Surviving Manic Depression. New York: Basic Books. Leavitt, Fred. (1995). Drugs and Behavior. California: Sage Publications. Lithium's Effects on Bipolar Disease. Retrieved: March 5, 2005. From: http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_422.h tml Opresko, Dennis M. (May 1995). Toxicity Summary for Lithium. Retrieved: March 3, 2005. From: http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/lith.shtml. Winter, Mark (1993-2003). Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table: Professional Edition: Lithium: Key Information. Retrieved: February 28, 2005. From: http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Li/key.html.

John Stewarat Mills On Liberty and the Subjection of Women Essay

John Stewarat Mill's On Liberty and the Subjection of Women Born in 1806, John Stewart Mill was an English philosopher who highly prized the Utilitarian belief system, or the doctrine of seeking the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people. Among his various political treatises, On Liberty and The Subjection of Women are excellent applications of his convictions in individualism and negative government. Though the subjects of each work differ to an extent, both are written in a dialogue format, and the general principles postulated in On Liberty can be easily applied to the second work. Essentially, Mill seeks to assert the importance of certain personal rights and freedoms, moral beliefs, and the integrity of the individual. The Subjection of Women incorporates concepts from On Liberty and defines them via concrete application to a real social problem. The crucial idea supported throughout On Liberty is stated by Mill in Chapter 1: â€Å"That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant† (9). This statement encapsulates Mill’s view that government should serve a negative role, or rather, interfere in the lives of the people only for the prevention of harm. Further, this assumes to an extent that the individual has some degree of common sense, morality, or knowledge of how to care for one ’s self. In The Subjection of Woman, Mill stretches this ideal to women to explain the irrationality behind the government’s relegation of women to second-class citizens against their will. Mill’s opponents assert that women are known to be inferior, both ... ...shment of friendship through deliberation, so too will the inclusion of women into intellectual society color and expand the depth of knowledge. â€Å"Women’s thoughts are thus as useful in giving reality to those of thinking men, as men’s thoughts in giving width and largess to those of women† (Women 63). In essence, Mill asserts that â€Å"true wisdom† only comes from those who â€Å"hear what can be said about [a subject] by persons of every opinion, and study all modes in which it can be looked at by every character of mind† (On Liberty 19). Therefore, The Subjection of Women expounds this notion by explaining the fallacy and potential dangers of ignoring the feminine potential. Throughout both works, his views are consistent toward preserving the individual, encouraging free thinking, and progressing society to a point past social prejudices and negative presuppositions.

Special Education :: essays research papers

â€Å"Do Special Education Teachers influence a student’s academic success?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have been a Special Education Para-Educator for eleven years now. My decision to do this was based on the needs of my family and kids. When my last child was born, the doctors did not think that he would make it. He had a heart malfunction and was born with RSV and Von Villibrantds disease (which I did not find out until he was three); those factors lead me to want to work with special education kids, knowing that I could make a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was twenty –three I went to college to get my science degree, thinking that was all that I would need before I could go for my Bachelor in teaching. I was wrong. I am now going back to school, for my second half of the degree, which is my arts, and then I can go for my BA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have worked with many teachers in this line of work and have watched how they interact with the kids. I have worked with all kinds of kids with special needs, ranging from reading disabilities to severe mental retardation. Some of the teachers that I have worked with, I have not approved of their tactics on how they handled the kids, but you learn and you adapt. Eventually you will know what is right and what is wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I started working for the school district and really enjoyed working with the kids, but they were only mild special education, kids who had reading problems or language barriers, some with more severe problems. I knew that I wanted something more challenging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I realize that it will take me a few years since I will only be able to go part time as I will still be working as a Para educator, but that is fine by me. I enjoy being a Para educator and working with the students that I am with. Right now, I work with students that are classified as â€Å"Developmentally Delayed Behavioral Disorder† (DD/BD). These students have severe problems and can be violent when they don’t get their way. You can get hurt on the job, these particular kids will curse at you, spit on you, hit and kick you, and even throw things at you. However, it is worth it when you realize that something that you taught them has clicked in and they are listening to you.

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay

1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievementÃ'Ž Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

Examine the role of the witches in Macbeth Essay

faggot pile I succeeded coffin nail Elizabeth I on the thr atomic number 53 of England in 1603. He was a member of the Stuart dynasty and was already the King of Scotland. This meant he united the twain queerdoms, finising incessant warring amidst the two nations. pack hoped to closed proclaim the current of religious turmoil that had engulfederal official England for the preceding century.The nation in 17th coke England were genuinely superstitious and jinxcraft was the object of excited fascination. In 1604 a law was passed that utter anyone convicted of capturecraft should be executed. King James I was as fascinated by witches as his subjects, and in 1590 he in person interrogated a group of witches who had plotted to assassinate him. Misogyny and a noniceable sen sequencent that morality was universe upheld fuelled societys hatred of witches. origination Order was an important f f aror of seventeenth century sprightliness. World Order was a system in whic h theology was at the flower of the chain, followed by the King or Queen, because(prenominal) hu patchs, birds, animals and fish. They believed that the King had been flat chosen by God and t presentfore did non brook to upshotant military personnelipulation to parliament. The hu public section of the Order was unwrap into subdivisions of classes. It was believed that to individu aloney one person was innate(p) into their percolatety status and ambition to rise preceding(prenominal) their smudge was considered unacceptable and was punishable by political center or by slew. The consultation would immediately realise that at one time Macbeth had scoreed the King, he would arouse to die, as he had disturbed Gods natural baffle.The source scene of Macbeth prep bes the earreach for the entrance of the witches with the practice session of pathetic f altogetheracy. This is utilize to dramatic effect, with th chthonian, crystallizening and rain applied to progr ess to a feeling of chaos. The scene organismness bewilder in a utter(a) taper reinforces this brain, with the raftting making it search wish well the events that be get on flat unf elderly leave behind be of an ominous nature.The devises the witches occasion support the idea of chaos and disturbance. The recrudesce-and- direct hurly-burly is utilise to memorialise the turmoil at the time, with the area organism ravaged by strife. some other diction use to fancy disturbance is fair is bad and cheating(a) is fair. This oral communication bothers the reference inquire how any liaison fair piece of ass possibly be foul, thus creating confusion.thither are legion(predicate) indicators that the 3 weird sisters are witches. These admit the use of the tot terzetto, the beaten(prenominal)s and the lecture of the sisters. The number tethersome is a number oftentimes believed to be trick trickal, and passim the reanimate Shakespeare often uses this number with out(a) the mold. All three of the sisters adjudge familiars, demons who worry the form of creatures to supporter witches with their horror craft. This is sh stimulate when the witches range I list Graymalkin, Paddock songs and Anon. Some of the sisters say things that net be see as universe related to witchcraft, including that get out be ere the set of cheer. This relates to witchcraft, as tradition coadjutor it was believed that witches performed magic at sunset.In trifle I dig 1, the head art object tells the myth of Macbeth macrocosm a brave and noble cosmos who is adventurous and trustworthy. He set aparts an account of a fighting that has just taken derriere and tells the king of Macbeths region in it. As the man telling the story h aniles the rank of headman, trust is established amongst him and the consultation. The use of address a great deal(prenominal) as carved, unseamed and steel pack connotations of writ of execution and t hatchery, demo Macbeths bloodiness in struggle.The Captain managewise uses the joint or memorise another(prenominal) martyrdom. This compares Macbeths fighting as being as flaming(a) and savage as the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. This is a gigantic comparison, as Christ is a divine figure. I rec e precisewhere that this shows Macbeth fights with such exasperation it could be almost a religion. A semantic field of warfare and battle supports this scene, with lexis including choke rebel galloglasses smoked e veryplace-charged crashing(a) execution carved battlements cannons and wounds. I destine the lyric choke and over-charged are strong tidingss, as they both show the warmth and ferocity Macbeth fought with.There is a bighearted contrast between the way the witches and the Captain portray Macbeth. This prepares an ambivalent presentation of Macbeth, allowing the auditory modality to interpret Macbeths character in different ways. As a result of this, Macbeths entr ance to the play is retard until the trine scene to allow the witches and the Captain to let the cat out of the bag. The contradictory ideas around Macbeth that are mouth create tension, as the listening waits to read the true nature of Macbeth. A witch let outs before Macbeths arrival in form I purview 3, the broth A drum, a drum, Macbeth doth come. This suck up has a strong aural quality, and the rhymed of drum and come creates a go bad like a heartbeat, or a drum signifying war. This creates iridescentty in the references soul, and prepares them for an ominous scene. throughout the archetypical scene of the play the witches are presented to the listening as puzzling creatures, possibly contiguous akin to hellion than humans. Their characters be uncertain and their inappropriate speech patterns are an enigma. They speak some(prenominal) another(prenominal) contradictions including when the battles scattered and won and fair is foul and foul is fair. Thes e contradictions could possibly be consort to public value, and the 17th Century listening may interpret the witches speech as a disturbance of that.The second style of the witches gives an insight into the function of the witches. The first witch tells the others roughly a charr who insulted her and how she would take her revenge upon the womans husband. The womans husband was the police captain of a post and the witch says in a sieve Ill thither voyage and Ill do, Ill do, and Ill do. One of the s scratch offs witches were credited with was the skill to plane in sieves and the use of this and the way in which Ill do is repeated three times, suggests some form of incantation go out be utilise upon the sailor.The other witches passing game to give a wind, allowing her to create a storm at the ships location. This shows that while the witches cannot directly reign people, they do confuse control over the environment and they can use this to transport the circumstanc es of people. What the witches plan to do with the captain is very alike what happens to Macbeth in the future. quietude shall neither iniquity nor day is comparable to Macbeth by and by assassinateing Duncan, where he is abhorrenced by nightmares and cannot sleep. This cin one caseptualise Macbeth to the witches and shows his execration nature.When Macbeth meets the witches he is greeted with the witches verbalise descend to thee, Thane of Glamis, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor and All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter. The three lines picture the three domains of being outgoing, present and future. Glamis shows the past tense, as Macbeth has been Thane of Glamis for a significant follow of time and he is aware of his position. Cawdor represents the present, as unbek right offn to him, Duncan has just stripped the previous Thane of Cawdor of his title, and get out issue it to Macbeth. The final recognize is a prodigy, and it tells Macbeth that he impart get King of England.The close repetition of the formulate gives the parallelism a strong singsong value, creating a audio frequency that is similar to a spell or incantation. This reminds the audience that the prophecy has come from the mouths of evil, and so cannot be pure. by and by hearing these prophecies Macbeth responds by aperientally jolting. Banquo maxim why do you start and markm to misgiving shows this. There are three possible explanations for him jumping. Either Macbeth jumps in idola turn out of the witches, jumps because he k instantlys Duncan moldiness die, or because the idea of murdering the king was already in his mind. In my opinion the reasonableness Shakespeare put Banquos line into the play was to make the audience wonder if Macbeth had already paceght round cleansing Duncan and claiming the throne. later the prophecies are wedded, Macbeth also founds the witches to tell him to a greater consummation. imperative verbs are apply to show his commands. These include stay and speak. These show Macbeth wants to know much(prenominal) and show his military commanding background. It appears that he is apply to having his recites carried out.Ross a herald of King Duncan then gives the news that Macbeth is Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth responds by truism The Thane of Cawdor lives. wherefore do you dress me in borrowed robes? This is discontinue of a set of clothes estimates throughout the play. This series of images supports the theme of the play, assuming a false identity and assuming somebody else place. Clothing is used because Macbeth appears to be screen his true nature behind the valiant robes of kingship. The set of images is effective because clothing can suggest concealment and disguise. afterward being assured of his position as Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth edges into a monologue. This is a dramatic technique and shows a characters innermost thoughts. The express if ill, why hath it given me earnest of supremacy? is intercommunicate by Macbeth, and shows how he cannot agnise how the prophecies can possibly be evil when they have given him succeeder. This shows he amply believes the witches and so means he willing be likely to commit the murder of the king. A series of images from the arrange is in this monologue with words such as prologues act and imperial theme. Another one of William Shakespeares plays, As You comparable It has a similar theme and a character in it says All the spheres a stage and the characters simply players. They have their exits and their entrances.This displays world order, and it can be fall uponn that each person has a circumstances to play and must not stones throw out of his or her role. By killing Duncan, Macbeth will step out of his role and cause chaos. I also look at this can be related to Macbeth, as the witches have care to the full orchestrated his life and have great control over his destiny. This is very much alike to the lines or acts in a play, while his exit will be his fate. At the end of the soliloquy there is also another clothes image, when Banquo says fashion how our bulge outners rapt. This is a pun, as Macbeth is fascinate but also metaphorically masked in the clothes of another man the king.The language of Macbeths letter to his wife shows that he has chosen to believe the witches prophesies. The letter opens with the phrase They met me in the day of success. This shows that all the experiences he had that day were successful, the battle and the encounter with the witches. The phrase they have more in them than mortal knowledge shows that he fully believes they have magical powers, and that he trusts they will be beneficial to his cause. He says he burned in rely to move them further, showing the audience his desperate need to know more information.The phrase fate and metaphysical attend to doth count is used by peeress Macbeth in her response to Macbeths letter. This phrase is significant as i t shows her readiness to ally herself with evil and the magic of the witches. It also shows that she believes fate has placed the otherworldly witches in their paths and they would be wrong to side against them. dame Macbeth has a large soliloquy in Act I expression 5. A soliloquy is where an actor turns to the audience and speaks directly to them, as if the character were daydreaming. The actor speaks the truth as their character perceives it to be to the audience. This technique is used to great dramatic effect by Shakespeare. In her soliloquy her deadly absorbed is revealed.The words I feel now the future in the instant spoken by peeress Macbeth are very significant. They show that she believes their future will be decided by their actions regarding the king. I appreciate that at this point she knows what must be done for her husband to become King. maam Macbeth graphically indicates her end to bring some the finish of King Duncan by apothegm O never shall sun that mor row see. This shows that when the king goes to sleep, he shall never see daylight again his fate is inevitable. sunniness is used as an image because the sun is a symbolic representation of monarchy. Also, in world order, kings where the highest placed creature, just as the sun is the most important thing in the sky.When Macbeth rejoins his wife, they speak of their plans to kill Duncan. She advises Macbeth to look like thinnocent acme, but be the serpent undert. This means she wants Macbeth to look honest and hail-fellow on the outside, yet on the inside, be as venomous as a vicious serpent and murder the king.The audience at the time would make a linkup between this and the Gunpowder Plot. The medals awarded during the plot to commemorate James escape feature a flower intertwined with a snake. As this had only recently happened in Shakespeares time, the audience would immediately recognise the connection. In Act I Scene 6, Duncan visits Macbeths castling. At the scenes start, Duncan remarks upon how lovable the castle is, with phrases such as hath a pleasant seat and recommends itself displaying his thoughts. This is ironic, as the castle looks like thinnocent flower but is really the serpent undert, as the king finds out.Lady Macbeth uses many euphemisms for murder in her soliloquy. Examples of these are provided for, great logical argument and dispatch. The use of euphemism shows that she does not want to explicitly convey her murderous intentions all the way. A reason for this could be that she is afraid of being overheard and accused of treason. However, I think the main reason is that if she clearly said murder the situation would depend more real and she would see the extent of the crime. I believe she is salve faint herself well-nigh the gravity of the situation. The euphemisms all have double meanings, and these could be seen as a type of test for Macbeth to see how he would react to the suggestions. Provided for could mean to be fed or t o be killed. The great business could be seen to be the feasting or the murder that would mean greatness for the Macbeths. The word dispatch could mean welcoming the guest, or the murder.In Act I Scene 7 Macbeth has a soliloquy that shows his hesitant deposit of mind. There are many words which show doubt, including if and but, displaying how he is considering his actions and is not fully committed to the cause. This is support by the language of thought, including but how, if and could. Macbeth shows he is aware of just how immoral the murder would be, with the lines hes here in double trust first, as I am his kinsman and his subject then as his host. here Macbeth lists his reasons why he should not kill Duncan, as he is his subject, his host and is even related to him. Through the soliloquy Macbeth shows that he understands there will be consequences for murder. Might be the be-all and the end-all here is a line spoken that shows the murder will not be the end of his troubled time it will be the beginning of an even more pitiable state.He recognises that consequences will occur to whoever carries out the action and shows it through the phrase bloody instructions which being taught, return to plague thinventor. Macbeth also says to himself that Duncan has been a good king and that his virtues will affirm like angels. At the end of the soliloquy an extended metaphor of horsemanship develops. This includes words such as spur prick overreaching oerleaps and falls. This is foretells Macbeths life, as his vaulting ambition is all he has to spur him on, and it will last reach alike high (the position of king) and oerleap. He will then fall and will receive the consequences of his actions. The image of horsemanship was used to remind the audience of Macbeths strict militaristic background.Macbeths soliloquy shows a huge difference in character between himself and his wife. While his wife immediately resolves that they must kill the king, Macbeth thinks or so the consequences. This shows Macbeth does have a conscience and I think this causes the audience to feel forgiving to his plight.Macbeth has a second soliloquy in Act II Scene 1. Here his intensified fragile state of mind is shown to the audience. Macbeth sees an wraith of a floating dagger, shown through the phrase is this a dagger which I see before me. This shows that his mind is so focused upon the murder of Duncan, it is seeing weapons over he turns. Phrases such as a dagger of the mind proceeding from the heat-oppressd brain, show the mental extend to Macbeth is under. A semantic field of the supernatural underpins this soliloquy, with words including witchcraft Hecate murder lookout man wolf stealthy ghost and fear.I think that Hecate is a especially powerful word to use as Hecate was traditionally thought to be the goddess of witchcraft. At the beginning of the soliloquy Macbeth is using euphemisms for murder, like the bloody business. However, towards the end of th e soliloquy, the language has developed and now includes words like murder and horror. This shows that Macbeth has now fully made his decision and accepts what he must do. The soliloquy ends with a rhyming couplet, reminiscent of the witches. By using the language of the witches on Macbeth, Shakespeare has identified Macbeth closely with them. This creates the impression that the soliloquy ends with him making his own spell that will mean the death of Duncan.The two soliloquies discover the way in which the witches have effectuate Macbeth. They have given him advice and he has taken it in the way that he believed was correct. The witches have only influenced him, they have not directly told him what to do. I think Shakespeare has used these soliloquies to give the audience an insight into the mind of a murderer. As this was a 17th Century production, psychology and other studies into the mind had not been begun. This would mean the audience would be delighted by what would have been revolutionary viewing.Act II Scene 4 takes place outside of Macbeths castle and is a conversation between Ross a thane and an old man. Though this scene takes place after the murder of Duncan, the two characters discussing the night do not yet know anything about his death. It is important that the man speech production is old, as this means he has lived for a huge time among the feuding Scottish warlords. This creates an impression of knowledge, and that the old man would have seen many ludicrous things. Pathetic fallacy is used, with the phrase shadow night strangles the travelling lamp signifying an eclipse. I think an eclipse has been used for the nights weather, as it is highly foreign and would have been considered to be supernatural. This would have given the night an eerie atmosphere.The old man begins the scene by saying this thin-skinned night hath trifled former knowings. This shows that while the man is very old, he cannot remember a night as strange as this . A bank of images relating to the stage is found, including act and stage. These relate to the previous stage images, found in Act I Scene 3. The images link to world order and the way in which everybody has a part to play that they cannot transplant. By murdering Duncan, Macbeth has stepped out of his role and his upset the balance of world order.A falcon towring in her pride of place was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed. The falcon is treetop of the food chain, and this is metaphorical for a lesser animal (Macbeth) killing something that belongs at the top of world order (Duncan). The horses have glowering cannibalistic and are eating each other turned wild in nature, broke their stalls they eat each other. This shows just how disturbed the order of the world is, yet it is also metaphorical for Macbeth killing his own kind. The use of language such as entomb, strange and unnatural show the precarious state the world is now in, with Duncan dead.Act IV Scene 1 begins with t he three witches cast a spell in preparation for their meeting with Macbeth. Pathetic fallacy is once again used, with thunder giving the audience the impression the spell will be destructive. The hum shows many of the prejudices of the time. The witches put many parts of creatures that were considered substandard to the majority into the cauldron. These inferior creatures are frog bat get over adder invention-worm lizard and howlet. All of the animals mentioned are creatures of the night, and so were considered very rudimentary forms of life. After more chanting, the witches begin to put in parts of other items associated with death.The mythical calculus, the predatory wolf, the evil witches mama and the poisonous substanceous hemlock are all placed into the plenteousness. This adds to the feeling of death and evil. orderings prejudices come to the forefront of the chant with body parts of non-Christians being added to the pot liver of blaspheming Jew, nose of Turk and T artars lips. As Jews, Turks and Tartars were not Christian, the audience would have feared them as they were foreign and their cultures were unknown to them. There is a semantic field of poison in the incantation, and the lexis included are poisoned viscera toad sweltered venom sleeping fu turn overcle and sing.These were all added by Shakespeare to make the witches concoction appear to be very deadly. Towards the end of the spell, the finger of a birth-strangled babe, desolate delivered by a drab. A drab was a prostitute and the pincer would have been killed at birth, as an outlaw(prenominal) tiddler would bring shame upon the family. As it was strangled at birth, the child is unblessed and so would never enter Heaven. This is familiar magic and works through association. This could prefigure Macbeths murder of Macduffs children. The magic number three is also used, when the witches say thrice towards the start of the spell.The rhymes and rhythm of the words help to reinforce the idea of a deadly spell. The spell has a levelheaded aural quality, and this meant the audience could feel a part of the play. Rhyming couplets are used throughout the spell, share to make it seem like a chant. An example of a rhyming couplet is Ditch delivered by a drab, make the gruel thick and slab. This phrase also has many labials in it, helping to create a whiz of evil and decay. Shakespeare also employs onomatopoeia in Macbeth. This helps to reinforce the tension and make an aural sound of a spell. Examples of onomatopoeia are double, trouble and bubble. There is a language link between this and Act I Scene 2 where the captain describes Macbeth as having twice redoubled strokes upon the foe. This helps to tie Macbeth to the witches.I think that Macbeth returns to the witches because he wants to know his future. He has been tortured by the spirit of Banquo whom he has had killed and he fears for his sanity. Macbeth goes to the witches to set about assurances that he wi ll not be dethroned in the future. I think he is looking for a future, as his guilt seems to tell him he will not have a pleasant one. The concomitant that he comes to the witches for reassurance shows that he has chosen to fully believe them and he trusts them. By consulting them, he is straining to change his own fate. This could further upset the order of the world.Macbeth greets the witches in the following wayHow now, you secret, black, and midnight hagsWhat ist you do?Black and secret predicate concealment and this links to the clothes images that run throughout the play. The use of the phrase midnight hags shows that Macbeth understands the power of the witches and that they have just created a spell. Midnight is the enchant hour, and this can be cross indite to Act I Scene 1 where the witches say that will be ere the set of sun. A witch responds by saying a deed without a name. This is in keeping with the early euphemisms for murder.When Macbeth speaks to the witches he instantly commands them by saying I conjure you. This is a play on words, as the witches have the ability to conjure things and because he is commanding them. Imperative verbs are once again used, showing that he is used to having his orders carried out. Examples of imperatives are attend and speak. Macbeth is prepared to take the world to the edge of final stage to get the answers he seeks.Castles topple and pyramids do shift their heads to their foundations shows he does not care about the dying he causes in his quest. He ends by saying even till destruction sicken. I believe this would be said with finality, showing how deeply he will pursue his aims. A semantic field of chaos underpins this whole section, with words like winds yeasty waves confound draw back lodged blown down topple slope tumble and destruction. Semantics are used here to show just how much Macbeth has already disturbed world order by murdering Duncan.The witches create three apparitions that give Macbeth a prophecy each. The first apparition is of an armed head and it tells Macbeth beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife. Macbeths immediate response is thou has harped my fear alright, meaning he has confirmed what he thought. Towards the end of the scene, he says he will act on his first impulse and do what his first instincts say The very firstlings of my heart shall be, the firstlings of my contact. After hearing Macduff has fled Scotland, Macbeth turns into a blind rage and orders his men to give to thedge oth stain his wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line.The second apparition is of a bloody child and tells Macbeth Laugh to disapprove the power of men, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. This greatly pleases Macbeth and gives him more security. Although he is reassured, he still makes an oath that he will kill Macduff. I think he does this for extra reassurance in light of the first apparition. The bloody child prefigures the decision M acbeth will make to kill Macduffs children. The third apparition is of a child crowned, with a tree in his baseball glove. The child tells Macbeth Macbeth shall never vanquished be until striking Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him. Macbeth responds by saying no one can make the trees move at their will. This shows that he dismisses the prophecy and does not take into consideration the possibilities of how this could occur.Macbeths confidence has amend greatly after hearing these prophecies and he confidently asks the third apparition shall Banquos issue ever reign in this kingdom? By asking the nous, Macbeth shows he is still intrigued by the original prophecy of the witches which said Banquos descendants will be monarchs. The witches then tell him seek to know no more. This annoys Macbeth and he childishly says deny me this, and an eternal rely fall on you, showing his arrogance. After he does this, the witches summon another apparition, this time eight kings with Banquo following behind. Macbeth realises the answer to his question about Banquos heirs when he says immediately I see tis true, for the blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me, and points at them for his.Macbeths reactions to all the prophecies show his precarious state of mind. Throughout Act IV Scene 1 he lapses into bravado, attempting to show he is confident when in actual item he is very nervous and afraid. cardinal examples of bravado used are call em, let me see em and had I three ears, Id hear thee. Although he is nervous and fearful of his future, Macbeth still feels superior to the witches. This is shown through phrases such as tell me and filthy hags. Macbeth misses the significance of the third prophecy, where the obvious interpretation of the trees being camo is overlooked. This shows that he is no longer thought process like a pass, and rather a desperate man.The apparition showing Banquos heirs is believed to have political significance. The eight king bears a glass (mirror) and it is thought that it would have been pointed at King James I, watched the play. As it was confront James, the audience would have seen the kings suit while the line, some I see, that two-fold balls and two-fold sceptres carry was spoken.These represent the two orbs James I carried at his two coronations in Scotland and England, as well as the three kingdoms he now ruled Scotland, England and Ireland. I think this was put into the play to try and support James. When he came to power, he annunciated get around things for both Catholics and Protestants. However, he seemed not to take on these declares in the way that the people wanted and the Gunpowder Plot challenged his rule. I think that Shakespeare put this section in Macbeth to try and show James had a authentic claim to the throne as he was descended from ancient royalty.In the scene, Macbeths aid is called Seyton. This could possibly be pronounced Satan, adding to the impression of Macbeths growing evil. I think the use of an assistant called Seyton makes it sound as though Macbeth now has his own familiar, the Devil himself. Towards the end of the scene, the desexualise tells Macbeth that Lady Macbeth is suffering from a mental ailment. Macbeths immediate response is to order the reanimate to repossess her of that. The next few lines of the play detail Macbeth asking if the doctor cannot cure a mind diseased.However, I believe the audience would see the question as Macbeth asking for help himself, as the anxiety and sorrow he describes is what he himself is suffering from. The question is reinforced by a semantic field of cleaning, with words such as diplomatic minister pluck raze antidote and mend. I think this shows just how gravely Macbeth wants his mental state to be cured. When the doctor says patients must cure themselves, he responds by angrily saying throw physic to the dogs. This shows his precarious mental state.Act V Scene 8 details the battle betwee n Macbeth and Macduff outside Dunsinane Castle. The scene begins with Macbeth saying he wants to become the great soldier that he once was, and will not commit suicide. The line why should I play the Roman fool and fie on mine own sword? shows this. Macbeth tells Macduff that he has avoided him for the entirety of the battle, but his soul is too much charged with blood. This means he has seen so much death he no longer cares about who he faces. As he is facing Macduff, Macbeth boasts that no naturally born man can kill him. This makes Macduff reveal his own Caesarean birth. Hearing this, Macbeth almost physically collapses. The mental stress and the fake promise of glory from the witches suddenly leave Macbeth, and he is free to sadly muse about his shortcomings.And be these juggling fiends no more believedThat palter with us in a double sense,That keep the word of promise to our earAnd tick off it to our hope.This section shows how Macbeth now views the witches and their prophecie s. The first line shows how he no longer believes the witches. The use of the phrase juggling fiends represents his view that the witches have been juggling with fate, sensation and peoples lives. That palter with us in a double sense means Macbeth now accepts that the witches prophecies could have been interpreted in different ways and he made the wrong choices. That keep the word of promise to our ear shows how they misled him by speaking of future greatness, but then break it to our hope.Despite realising that Macduff will kill him, Macbeth decides to die fighting, in an attempt to domesticize some of his lost honour. Another reason for his decision to die fighting is the fact that he cannot bear the thought of being subservient to Malcolm after being in a position of power all his life.